第十一节 琼变始末(二)(1 / 1)

然详考此案,疑点颇多。其一,崇祯三年,髨贼抗王师于澄迈,贼众大行封赏,以何鸣、东门吹雨、魏爱文三贼居首,可知吹雨毙命一事为妄谈。吹雨既为何鸣之副贰,共统髡军主力,则造反作乱之事必无。其二,据髨贼文告,东门吹雨时任“东门市主任”,较之大明官制,不过一班头矣。虽髨贼不以衙捕为贱役,列为正官,终不过一统数十人之末职,焉有数百兵可用。人言髨贼之衙捕曰“警察”,常以短棍为兵。以短棍数十攻连珠枪守御之坚城,无异自刭,断为常理所无。其后吹雨官升“总参谋长”,为全军之军师,更证其并未作乱。其三,虽有如此传言,却未有一人亲见,皆为道听途说,传闻备述马独二贼如何互殴,马逆如何惧求婚之兵势,求计于文逆,文逆又如何设宴布伏,诛杀求婚,乃至百仞城外大战,尸横遍野,皆栩栩如生,宛如亲见。此事传自万里之外,岂得如此详尽,若含混模糊,其中或有半数言语为真,若巨细靡遗,必是传说之人以己意解之,恣意添加,实言恐不及一成。髨人若以争女之小故便自相残杀,则为无知之草寇,顷刻自灭,何至糜烂东南。当日髨贼内衅当为实情,然多半未杀人,若杀人,至多数人,必不伤筋动骨。髨贼自称大宋苗裔,然文书之中于诸宋帝毫无避讳,可见其国中必不以赵氏为君,当为贵胄豪族行共和之政。犯琼之真髨数百,皆以“元老”自称,传言皆为澳洲世家子弟,长辈谋逆不成,遂远走避祸。既如此,为首之贼酋文王萧马诸贼于澳洲当类崔卢王谢之属,最末之农技员亦为乡绅之流。闻髨贼之农技员多有与临高乡绅联姻者,其在澳洲时之阶级亦必若此。天子尚惧朝议,文马诸酋虽权重,必不能专擅。初至海南之时,事事艰难,尚可齐心,待割据临高,役使假髨,权位、妇女、财帛皆丰,分配不均,便生争执。官员不同君王,可升可罢,凡官僚党争,必先安插亲信,排斥异己,朝堂争辩,具疏参劾,古今中外皆然。昔奴酋杀舒尔哈齐、褚英,尚争论再三,髨贼纵染蛮夷之风,终不至甚于东虏,岂有一言不合便即搏杀之理。所谓髨贼内讧,当为诸髨聚众弹劾马逆,冲突激烈之际,或如本朝大臣当廷互殴。诸酋若稍通权谋,只消提拔为首数人,再以子女财帛分散诸贼,此乱自解。

崇祯三年三月,两广总督王尊德始议征琼。兵机之事,算于庙堂,无外道、天、地、将、法。论道,王督征琼虽有国家大义名分,实为惧熊文灿夺其职,吕易忠为王督谋征琼,既非为国,亦非为主,乃为田氏谋髨贼于广州之产业。吕贼收受贿赂,纵髨贼于广州招摇过市三年而不问,养寇已成,又为一己之私妄开边衅,坑陷大军,被俘之后更屈身事贼,入贼酋刘翔之幕,实为国家败类,无耻之尤,琼事糜烂至此,大明官吏之中以此贼为祸首。

驻广州之髨贼郭逸,以商贾为名结交官绅,恐王督之议方出而群髨已知,比及广州官府捕之,郭逆早遁,吕贼抄其家产,未获分文,诚可悲可笑。郭逆于广州赈灾济贫,御下有恩,广有善名,且髨贼于临高既未烧杀淫掠,又未杀官陷城,照章纳粮完赋,又修桥筑路,翦除匪患,故而百姓皆以髨贼为好善之富商,不以贼视之。此时吕贼之谋划又泄,百姓皆知征琼乃为贵戚谋郭逆之产业妾侍,故尽以髨贼为官逼民反,焉能为朝廷效力,反为髨贼之耳目。髨贼居临高三年,破县城易如反掌,所以不取县城,其因有四。一,若破县城,必引朝廷瞩目,恐有大兵来剿;二,以县令之名号令全县,易取信于士民;三,髨贼尽诛胥吏,包揽县政,临高城已在其掌握。四,贼巢百仞城坚固百倍于县城,城外之东门市繁华十倍于县城,取县城无益。修桥筑路,翦除匪患,使髨贼根本之地稳固,商贾聚集,获利巨万,赈灾济贫,可得垦荒之人力。髨贼行利己之事,却得百姓归心,诚为高明。粤省百姓言:“朝廷不打杀人放火的刘老香,却去打好好做生意的澳洲人,真是吃饱了撑的。”言虽粗鄙,却映民心。道者,令民于上同意,可与之死,可与之生,而不危也。百姓不愿战而官府强要战,鲜有不败。人或言粤省百姓为奸民,吾以为妄谈。大明之百姓,官府不得恩养之,而髨贼恩养之,大明之皇土,官府不得安定之,而髨贼安定之,大明之海疆,官府不得抚靖之,而髨贼抚靖之。官府以苛政杀百姓,而髨贼拯之。百姓养髨贼便可安居乐业,何必纳粮输差以养官府。是故粤省百姓附贼,过不在百姓,而在粤省之官吏也。大军未出,而民心向背已明。

论天时地利,髨贼自海外来,天时地利之便本当在于王师,然髨贼倚火器之利,澄迈之城墙无以为凭,髨贼之稜堡反居高临下以制王师,又有夜战之能,故而王师天时地利尽失。

论将,此乃王师唯一可与髨贼相争衡者,粤省武将虽亦不免贪墨,然忠勇之心可钦可佩。雷廉参将赵千驷、惠州参将严遵诰、抚标游击王道济、制标游击李光、练兵游击王熙等,皆身先士卒,俱为忠勇之士,主帅何如宾亦未尝怯战,虽然无功,亦恪尽其责。所以以众击寡仍不敌髡军,一为器械不如,二为治军之法不及。髡军官长无论真髨假髨,皆与最末等之贼兵同吃同住,不得恣意殴打役使士卒。贼酋待贼兵若子侄,贼兵即目贼酋为父兄。髡军饷厚粮足,且军纪严格,无有克减。官军将帅以奴隶之格待士卒,士卒即以怯战逃亡报之,贼酋以壮士之礼待贼兵,贼兵即以性命报之,此乃自然之理也。

其又有三大纪律八项注意。三大纪律,一曰一切行动听指挥,髡军日常行路、操练、食宿皆有号令,两人着军服出,必列队齐步而行。故而髡军令行禁止,如臂使指,纵冒炮矢亦不稍乱。髡军攻郑芝龙所驻之中左所时,列阵而前,城头发炮毙贼兵一人,余众视若无睹,无一人仆倒躲避,迎炮火而进,遂破中左所。此等强兵,纵手执棍棒,亦非朽败之官军可敌。

二曰不拿百姓一针一线。髡军所过,抵抗者尽行诛戮,降伏者秋毫不犯,征发粮秣菜蔬,亦按价以偿,确不妄取一物。可叹朝廷之官军,却烧杀淫掠,无所不为,是故凡髨贼所据之处,百姓皆望髨贼杀退官军,使官军永不复来。髡军所至,百姓争相与之贸易,官军所至,百姓坚壁清野,落单官军常为百姓殴死,非因百姓刁顽,实为官军害民。

三曰一切缴获要归公。髨贼禁贼兵私掠,故而战阵之上从不争夺首级物资,皆由“计委”捡拾,便无争财货而自乱阵势之事,一如戚氏治军之法。

八项注意,一曰说话和气。髨贼于部下假髨并一般百姓皆以善言诱之,少有呵斥,绝少辱骂殴打。二曰买卖公平,购买货物皆以市价,令商人有利可图。三曰借物归还,四曰损物赔偿,皆是要贼众不抢掠百姓。五曰不许打骂,与说话和气同,乃令贼众善待百姓。六曰爱护庄稼,便如曹操割发代首之意。七曰尊重妇女,自古军队奸淫最易激起民愤,髨贼于此事严禁,犯者即斩。八曰优待俘虏,凡髨贼掳获之官军,皆不殴打虐待,收去兵刃甲胄之后,兵卒私物许其自持,有钱者以钱赎身,无钱者劳作以自赎,俘虏一日三餐,竟优于官军军粮,故官军士卒逢败辙降。此十一条规章诚乃治军之利器,如能为王师所用,髨贼虽仍难敌,东虏则不足为患。然官军积弊多矣,若得将才,或可使一营一军面貌一新,却难支大厦,拖欠军饷之弊更非为将者一人可解。道天地将法皆不若髡军,此战之胜负未出广州可知矣。

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