343.禅让隐藏的秘密(1 / 2)

史路冲天 错河达旺 1349 字 2022-05-05

许乐看着竹书纪年和二简,从车上拿下来的郭店简、上博简,他对照着看,现在对于这几份毁三观的东西他有点习惯了,看着看着就不想吐了!

郭店简整理出来的有“老子、太一生水、说之道(语叢四)、缁衣、鲁穆公问子思、穷达以时、五行、唐虞之道、忠信之道、成之闻之、尊道义、性自命出、六德、物由望生(语叢一)、名教(语叢二)、父无恶(语叢三)”

许乐看着这十六篇文献,有十三篇是秦始皇“焚书”以来的两千多年来首次面世的先秦佚籍。仅其中《老子》、《缁衣》可与传本对比阅读、研究;《五行》可与马王堆帛书的同名篇相参阅。郭店楚简出土于九三年,共有带字竹简八百余枚。其文字数量有一万三千多字。

上博简全部为八十多篇,共计一千七百余枚(包括残简),三万五千多字,是魔都博物馆九四年由港岛收购入藏的,来历可以说是出于盗掘流散,许乐没想到这才一年多,秦教授就能够整理的差不多,真厉害啊,大部分都是关于孔二先生的、容成氏的,问礼问德的内容居多,更多的是一些礼仪治理国家的事情!

许乐对照看的是关于禅让制的内容,所谓的尧舜禅让,更多只是战国诸子托古改制。最关键的一点,禅让表达的都是首领个人意愿,不存在原始推举。尧舜与战国的专之制国君没有区别,丝毫看不出氏族民之主色彩。而对立面的篡夺说,基础也是一个专之制政权,所以才存在君臣之间的篡位事件。这是在郭店楚简《唐虞之道》中提到的最有争议的一个话题就是:尧舜禹之间是否存在禅让?虽然《史记·五帝本纪》把上古描写成君臣和谐的黄金时代,但古本《竹书纪年》,把尧舜禅让说成鲜血淋漓的正反变:“舜囚尧于平阳,取之帝位”“舜囚尧,复偃塞丹朱,使不与父相见也”“后稷放帝子丹朱于丹水”。

所谓“唐虞之道,禅而不传”,这部典籍结合舜的圣、仁、义、德、贤事迹,系统阐明了其对禅让思想的主张。按照上博简《容成氏》的说法,不要说尧舜禹是禅让的,甚至之前的卢氏、赫胥氏、乔结氏、仓颉氏、轩辕氏、神农氏、氏、垆氏也都是禅让。

这些文献大约都写成于战国中后期,那么是否还有更早的记录呢?

许乐想到了在《论语》的《尧曰》篇里,尧对舜说“天之历数在尔躬”,之后“舜亦以命禹”,这自然是禅让时的说辞。但此处没有“子曰”,不能认为是孔子本人主张,与《论语》文体也不符合。顾先生则认为禅让起源于墨家的尚贤主义,与儒派的尊尊亲亲观点不合。这种禅让方式在墨家中是实践过的,墨家巨子就是由上一代指定下一代。加上墨家信众基本出身社会底层,所以对于尚贤的呼唤最高。

整体来看,禅让说应该是春秋战国之际普遍的一种社会思潮。因为当时正值氏族解之体、私学兴盛,越来越多庶人希望登上正反三台舞台,不独儒、墨两家,这种思想走向极致当然就是禅让,如果连王位都能授予贤人,一官半职又算什么呢?

这是不是大汉九品中正令的选贤来源呢,最后都变成了注重虚名!

这样的思想对战国政局产生了深刻影响。《吕氏春秋》说魏惠王想传位惠施,《战国策》公孙衍对张仪说建议魏惠王传位张仪,《战国策》说秦孝公想传位商鞅,但这几次禅让都没有真正成功,原因当然也很简单,无论禅让被吹得如何天花乱坠,王位岂可轻易授予外人呢?

但终于有人走出了这一步,这个人就是燕王哙。根据《战国策》《史记·燕世家》,燕王哙受到策士苏代、鹿毛寿等人的鼓动,把王位让给相国子之。结果国家被治理得一团糟,将军市被和燕王哙太子平攻打子之,反而双双阵亡。齐宣王趁火打劫,子之、燕王哙都被杀死。

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