附录:张献忠埋银藏宝传说的文献摘录(2 / 2)

玄武奇侠传 蜀中雷明 1939 字 2022-07-10

康熙八年他撰《荒书》说:清顺治三年“正月,献忠尽括四川金银作鞘,注彭山县江。杨展先锋见贼,焚舟,不知为金银也。其后渔人得之,展始取以养兵,故上[川]南为饶。”

此段文字的标点断句,巴蜀版《张献忠剿四川实录》一书收录的《荒书》为:“正月,献忠尽括四川金银作鞘注。彭山县江[畔]杨展先锋见贼焚舟,不知为金银也。其后渔人得之,展始取以养兵,故上南为饶。”

什么叫“鞘注”?为什么要加一个“畔”字?为什么未交战,张献忠便自焚战船?

此段文字意思是:顺治三年(丙戌)正月,张献忠将收刮四川的金银全部做成银鞘,藏于彭山县江底(注者,水注也,灌也,引申义有投入之意)。

(三月)杨展前锋部队同张献忠军接战,用火攻,烧毁了张部的战船,当时江底沉银尚不为人所知。

事后,杨展获悉渔人从江中捞到金银,才开始打捞彭山江中沉银,用以供养军队,故以嘉定(乐山)为中心的上川南顿成富饶之区。

费密诗又说“青神江底沉贼镪”,看来同彭山江口沉银不是一回事,是另外一处藏宝地点。

四、张献忠在峨眉山普贤峰顶埋有金银

王夫之着《永历实录?王祥杨展皮熊列传》引刘尧佐疏言:“张献忠辇金银至峨眉山,瘗之普贤峰顶,宜敕展发窖赍送赴阙,以供国用。”(王夫之《永历实录》卷十二,岳麓书社,1982年,第122—123页)

五、张献忠部将刘文秀透露在川西黎、雅间埋金二十万

戴笠、吴乔《流寇长编》卷二十载,顺治十五年四月,南明永历帝所封蜀王刘文秀在云南病卒,遗表有言:“臣兵二万在黎雅间埋金二十万,臣之将郝承裔知之,请驾幸蜀就十三家之兵,出营陕洛,庶可转败为功!”(下册,书目文献出版社,1991年,第1122页)

六、张献忠彭山江口埋沉金银

有两种说法:

(一)张献忠有意将金银埋在江口水底

欧阳直《蜀警录?蜀乱》:丙戌(清顺治三年),“献贼令各将士,自杀其新收妇女。如系蜀人,更不许擅留一人。禁人带藏金银,有即赴缴,如隐留分厘金银或金银器物首饰,杀其一家,连坐两邻。于前门外铺簟满地以收之,须臾,钮扣亦尽。金银山积,收齐装以木鞘箱笼,载以数十巨舰。令水军都督押赴彭山之江口沉诸河。”

(二)江口之战,张献忠战败,宝船被焚,船上金银散落江中,积年累月,自然掩埋于层层沙石之中。

江口之战发生在清顺治三年三月。彭遵泗《蜀碧》卷三记载:

“(前明)参将杨展大破贼于江口,焚其舟,贼奔还。献闻展兵势甚盛,大惧,率兵数十万,装金宝数千艘,顺流东下,与展决战。且欲乘势走楚,变姓名作巨商也。展闻,逆于彭山之江口,纵火大战,烧沉其舟。贼奔北,士卒辎重,丧亡几尽;复走还成都。展取所遗金宝以益军储。自是富强甲诸将。而至今居民时于江底获大鞘,其金银镌有各州邑名号。”

《蜀碧》撰于康熙二十四年,距离江口之战才三十九年,作者彭遵泗又是眉州丹棱人,应该是同时代人的实录。

清同治三年刻本《嘉定府志?艺文志?文三》载彭遵泗撰写的《杨展传》对江口之战描写更详细:

“献忠忿展尽取故地,又怒川人之不服己也,大杀成都居民,率众百万,蔽江而下。展起兵逆之,战于彭山。分左右翼冲拒,而别遣小舸载火器以攻贼舟,兵交,风大作,贼舟火,展身先士卒,殪前锋数人,贼“江口沉银”文物之银锭崩反走。江口两岸逼仄,前后数千艘,首尾相衔,骤不能退,风烈火猛,势若燎原。展急登岸促攻,枪铳弩矢,百道俱发,贼舟尽焚,士卒糜烂几尽。所掠金玉宝珠及银鞘数千百,悉沉水底。献从别道逃免,旋奔川北,展追至汉州,封积尸而还。”

清嘉庆十九年刻本《彭山县志》卷一:“双江镇,在县东十里彭亡山下。岷江诸水至此合注,直下嘉、渝,来往商旅泊舟憩息,每日约有数百艘。汉征南将军岑彭击公孙述,营此。宋朱龄石讨谯纵,大战于平模山。明季杨展率兵拒张献忠,焚贼舟数百,珠宝金银悉沉水底,俱在此处。彭邑惟此为水道要区。”

江口之战,张献忠率领军队的人数和装金银的船只数量,各书记载不一致。

清嘉庆五年刻本《眉州属志》称“率兵十数万,装金宝数千艘”,《蜀碧》称“率兵数十万,装金宝数千艘”,彭遵泗《杨展传》称“率众百万”“前后数千艘”,刘景伯《蜀龟鉴》称“率劲兵十数万,金宝数千艘”,孙錤《蜀破镜》称“率兵三十余万,载金宝千艘”,民国23年铅印本《乐山县志》称“率兵二十余万,装金宝千艘”。

那么,哪一个记载比较可信呢?

据清戴笠、吴乔《流寇长编》卷十七载,大西国大顺元年“伐木造舡数千”。看来,张献忠并不打算在成都久留,时刻准备从水路东下,再度流窜出川。

彭遵泗《蜀碧》卷三称,张献忠“率兵数十万,装金宝数千艘,顺流东下,与展决战。且欲乘势走楚,变姓名作巨商也。”张献忠“变姓名作巨商”的可能性不大,“乘势走楚”来一个战略大转移可能性是存在的。

据《蜀难叙略》记载,张献忠在西充牺牲时,张部“死及降者三十余万”。

据此,江口之战,张献忠率领军队的人数和装金银的船只数量,以《蜀碧》的记载较为可信。

(四川省人民政府文史研究馆)?

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