第章 知兵知将(1 / 2)

当我们翻开史书的时候,发现文臣‘知兵’的人很是不少,赵昺也曾有过这样的考虑,既然文臣能领兵,又便于控制,岂不是两全其美的事情。但是在实践中他却发现根本不是那么回事,知战阵,能领兵者寥寥无几。

这当然不是赵昺的臆断和偏见。因为行朝成立于国破家亡之际,混乱的情况下也顾不得许多,可以说文武齐上阵,如陆秀夫曾在陈宜中出走后主持军政、文天祥以副相身份在江西组织义勇抗元、陈则翁则是以广东路转运使的身份在广州抗元等等,可以说朝中许多文臣都有领兵的经历。

但是文臣领兵的结局大多不妙,文天祥被斩于大都,各地的抗元力量逐步被剿灭,若非赵昺穿越而来,陆秀夫便背着幼帝蹈海殉国,大宋最后一丝余晖坠于崖山。就这段历史而言,他以为所谓文臣领兵就不大靠谱。

赵昺以为这失败的板子也不能都打在这些文臣身上,而是隋唐之后的制度问题,让文臣知兵失去了成长的环境。宋朝的重文轻武,逐渐发展成文臣领导武将、武将带领士兵的局面,让这些读书人直接指挥士兵上阵冲锋,也是有些强人所难了。

所以说隋唐之后文臣知兵就是个笑话,而入宋后除了太祖,历代皇帝也都是只会纸上谈兵,可还要每逢大战授阵图,如此军事指挥制度下就可以想象大宋败亡其实也不算太冤。但也有人会说,明朝重文轻武比之宋朝更甚,可以称得上是‘以文驭武’,可知兵的文臣却层出不穷。

可是赵昺掰着手指头算了算,在明代‘知兵’的文臣真正成功的仅有于谦、胡宗宪、张居正等人,即便加上一个所谓文可定国,武可安邦的异类卢象升,也是屈指可数,数量远远少于和他们同时代的如戚继光、俞大猷,李成梁、李如松父子等名将。

且明朝这些文臣之所以得以成命,却也非是亲自领兵上阵,他们的成功都不以善用兵自诩,而是着重于选将任能、筹措粮秣以及厉行赏罚,确切的说是知将,而不是知兵。

如受命于危难之际的于谦,在保卫北京的过程中大胆启用陶瑾、高礼、孙镗等将领,并调集南北两京、河南的备操军,山东和南京沿海的备倭军,江北和北京所属各府的运粮军,立即奔赴顺天府,依次经营筹画部署。

针对北京城内军械不足,于谦一方面命令工部加紧赶制,一面将南京库存兵器的调入北京,补充守城部队。甚至还派人到土木堡收集明军溃败时丢弃的军械。

在粮食储备和运输方面,于谦一方面征集大车命令官军去运粮,一方面向京城内的百姓发出告示,谁愿意出城抢运粮食,在得到运费的同时,每运二十石粮食还会奖励一两银子。几天功夫,通州粮仓的粮食全部被运到京城储存起来,充足的粮食储备稳定了军心民心。

于谦准许官兵预支半年军饷的做法更让全军上下欢呼雀跃。正是凭借着兵力和物资储备上的优势,明军一扫“土木堡之败”后的颓势。最终在北京城下击退了来势汹汹的瓦剌大军。

嘉靖年间受命清剿倭寇的名臣胡宗宪,同样慧眼识人。他重用的俞大猷、戚继光等均在战场上屡立战功,成为抗倭前线的中流砥柱。只是胡宗宪权柄有限,还需要亲自带兵前去救火。但与指挥不动一线的胡宗宪相比,张居正的御下之术可谓登峰造极。

在培养和信用戚继光、李成梁两员名将时,张居正经常给予敲打。如镇守辽东的李成梁,原本立功,下面巡抚已为他申请封爵,张居正却亲自导演了李成梁所部“杀良冒功”的政治风波,又并不继续追责,给予希望。

眼看胡萝卜近在咫尺,李成梁只能兢兢业业,积累战功终于在“东昌堡大捷”后,在张居正授意下,辽东巡抚上奏为李成梁请功。万历七年五月,明神宗朱翊钧下旨册封李成梁为“岁支禄米八百石”的宁远伯,并特许其一子可以世袭卫所指挥使一职。

此时的李成梁表现得颇为恭顺,竟主动上奏请辞。明神宗朱翊钧为此特意批示:“(李成)梁屡立奇功,加恩非滥,谕殚忠奋勇,以图报称,不允辞”。这种让武将毕恭毕敬、不敢造成的本事,是文人知兵的典范。

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