第章 各有职责(1 / 2)

赵昺的秘书监筹建以来,随着几位老人的离开,马端临和陈识时成为了主力,他们虽说工作十分努力,做事也认真,但是缺乏基层工作经验,在有的问题上无法提出有益的建议,因而他一直缺一个熟悉民事的主事。

而张颂是从最基层的管民参军、县丞、县令、州推官、通判,乃至知州,用了十多年的时间一步步干起来的,基层工作经验丰富。若非在濠州任上出事,三年任期满后,就能入京,或是担任府级主官。因此赵昺想让他主管民事事务,当然这也需要进一步考验,现在只能担任一个打杂的胥吏。

张颂告辞,赵昺当然不忘让其献上那本救荒奇书,他仔细通读后,心中不禁感概。此书中不仅涉及如何救荒活民的措施及各级官员的在其中的职责,还对灾荒的危害进行深层次的论述,应该说是一本有见解、有深度、有可操作性的著作。

在书中的首篇董煟就将救灾度荒上升到了关乎国家存亡兴衰的大事。其认为水旱霜蝗等天灾历代皆有,难以避免。倘若救荒无策则百姓有流离失所、饿殍遍地之患。遇大灾理当倾举国之力赈恤,假如不蠲租反而征课更甚,则人心思乱,会有不可预测的祸患。

他把隋唐时的农民起义原因归结为遇灾赈救不力而督赋益急。董煟指出,自古变乱之起未尝不始于饥荒,如果执政者不惜财力,致力于赈救灾民,则可安定社会。由此,他推论社会的动乱危机虽起于饥荒,但关键看当政者有无忧民之心。

以赵昺的理解,其言已经涉及到了事情的本质——天灾并不可怕,可怕的是没有应对天灾的准备。董煟实际上也说明了“天灾”与“人祸”的关系,提出“人事”在天灾降临时所起的决定性作用。他从灾荒导致农民起义这一表象,揭示出统治者“无忧民之念”,不恤民瘼,对百姓盘剥务尽,才是导致人心思乱的真正根源。

其次,董煟主张“厚下”恤民,施行“仁政”减灾,强调“厚民”思想,也就是我们今天倡导的“民本”思想。他认为,古人救荒之策凡是对百姓有利的,都应该继承采用。古代救荒大抵以宽政薄赋为先,在民困财竭之际,实行荒政应该是厚下恤民。

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强调统治者应注重平时施行“仁政”,若平时横征暴敛,百姓不能休养生息,则一遇大灾,虽移民移粟,按孟子的话说就是“不知本”。主张藏富于民,批评从汉代起将私藏归于少府,专供皇家享用,使财富成为官府专用,而民间一旦告灾执政者却不知抚恤,天下百姓贫穷而唯独皇帝富有。

另外,董煟要求明确从上至下各级官吏必须履行的救荒职责。强调人主当行、宰相当行、监司当行、太守当行、县令当行,各有职守。

人主当行,即最高统治者不仅有散积藏以恤百姓等赈灾措施,还包括厉行节约、改善朝政等;宰相当行共八条,有以救荒为己任、忧社会危机的萌芽、陈述缓征固本请求、上奏散财发赈的对策等,把赈灾的后果提到“社稷颠危”的高度认识;监司当行十条,主要是负责协调、监督州郡救荒,行赈灾之策、通融有无、纠察官吏等。

太守当行共十六条,主要是稽考常平仓储以赈粜、申明遏粜之禁、抚恤流民等;县令当行共二十条,检旱不可迟缓、赈粜赈济、劝富户发囤积、诱富民兴贩等。还提出守臣到任需预讲救荒之政,不论地区远近,限赴任一个月后将本州管辖诸县镇可备荒救荒之策上奏朝廷,经审核后由朝廷责令实施,不得违背。

这本书条理清楚,从措施到职责面面俱到,算得上这个时代救荒的宝典了。但是并没有引起朝廷的重视,更没有贯彻执行,而董煟也未能因此受到嘉奖,仕途终止于一个县令,其中原因却令人深思。

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