第章 乱象已生(1 / 2)

陈墩的一席分析,虽未能涉及本质,但能从各方面对形势加以评论已经是难得,也得到了赵昺的刮目相看。如今其不再是那个耍赖撒泼的混小子,经过多年在侍卫营的历练和在武学中的沉浸,有了一位儒将的潜质。他接下来又对其的评论做了补充。

从蒙元方面来讲,当下蒙元的军制和卫戍制度越来越受制于经济制度、内外政策和政治局势的制约,而随着草原宗王军的南下,并代替趋于崩溃的侍卫亲军,承担起主要作战任务。那必然会导致蒙元政局的动荡,而本已行将崩溃的经济也会愈加恶化,进而导致政策的转变。

蒙元草原宗王制度看似是古时分封制度的延续,其实还是有差别的。自成吉思汗起兵发动统一蒙古的战争,实质是一场游牧民族融合与吞并的战争,其通过拉拢和吸收投靠自己的蒙古部落首领得以不断壮大,然后通过征服和掠夺其它部族壮大,并将这些部族强行‘同化’,按照大小以千人队或万人队整编建制。

成吉思汗再通过分封和赏赐给他们划定草场不能越界、派人稽查户口清算人丁,牢牢地把他们捆绑在划定的草原上,清晰地掌握着他们自己都不大清楚的人丁数量,把他们严丝合缝地塞入这架战争机器之上。通过多次征调作战的行动,一步步加强对游牧部落的掌控。

随着成吉思汗的死亡,蒙古其实就已经开始走向分裂,四大汗国趋于独立,蒙古帝国更像现代松散的联邦制国家。而随着攻灭金国,围绕着汗位的政治阴谋帝国进一步分裂,形成了草原和汉地两方势力。在忽必烈凭借汉军的支持夺得汗位后,这种分裂已经实质化了,与四大汗国的关系更加疏远,统一不过是名义化了。

忽必烈改制建元,实际上形成了以上都和大都两个统治中心,实行两种政策进行管理,一个依旧维持旧制的漠南漠北地区,一个是不完全汉化的汉地。在灭宋后,政治经济中心南移到大都,忽必烈依靠经济拉拢和军事打压两种手段对草原进行统治。

到了真金继承汗位,赵昺发起复国之战,一举收复江南,抢了蒙元的钱袋子。而北伐之战重创了蒙元汉地的驻屯军军队,尤其是视为心腹的侍卫亲军,等于打断了真金的脊梁骨。当下不得不调宗王军南下勤王,而又无法支付其军费,只能再次‘分封’诸王,让他们在封地上自筹。

在赵昺看来,真金这一手是臭棋,他虽然暂时解决了因为财政困难,朝廷无力支付军费的问题,但取得了经济自主权的宗王们恐怕就不会那么听他这个大汗的话了。且此举使朝廷直接控制的地盘萎缩,行省制度崩溃,失去了大量的税赋来源,自顾不暇之下对草原的控制力也会进一步下降。

加之请神容易送神难,朝廷势衰,大汗威信减弱,那些进入中原的草原宗王军一方面会与朝中的臣僚们勾结谋取利益;一方面占地为王,各自形成割据的形势。而草原上的规则是拳头大的说了算,会为了利益和地盘明争暗斗,甚至相互征伐,各自为政。

这些变化有必然对蒙元的制度产生冲击,尤其是投下制度。蒙古初期、诸王、贵族、军将把从中原和西域所俘虏的人口迁至蒙古草原,视为奴属,各置聚落安置,进行农业或手工劳作。其后因俘虏人口过多,在中原的统治又已逐渐确立,于是诸王、贵族、军将便把他们在汉地所俘虏的人户就地安置,派官员管领,不属州县。

窝阔台即大汗位后,两次对中原户口进行清检、登记,又把所籍的中原民户分赐诸王、贵戚、斡鲁朵和军将,作为采邑,通称为投下。他同时接受耶律楚材建议,封主在封地内设达鲁花赤管领,其应得租额由政府所置地方官吏负责征收,然后由朝廷分别支付。

但是这些规定在当时没有也不可能贯彻执行,因为封地是世袭的,封户隶属本主,不得迁徙出离。蒙哥在位时继续进行分封。元朝建立后,中央集权制度得到加强,忽必烈继续执行窝阔台时投下旧制,并做了某些改进,将封户每五户出丝一斤提高为两斤,对于封主在投下内的一些特权和不法的征敛剥削进行了某些限制。

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