第章 回归本质(1 / 2)

赵昺知道历朝皆设有常平仓,设置仓廪欲州郡,用来向老百姓征收稅粮的仓库,除了用于盛放粮食物资外,还有调解粮价的作用,防止粮贱伤农的事情发生。再一个的作用就是在发生灾害时,可以就近用于赈济灾民,但是由于承担着国家储备的作用,由朝廷直接遣官管理,地方州郡在没有朝廷旨意的情况下也是不得动用的,使得其赈灾的作用被削弱。

而所谓‘义仓’则是隋文帝时负责管控朝廷财政收支的长孙平,给隋文帝出了一个主意。长孙平说,天下州县常遭受水旱灾害,老百姓常陷入饥荒。如果可以在每年秋收的时候,以户为单位,让每户人家按贫富等级,拿出一些粮食来,最高额度为一石,储存在设于基层乡村的仓库之中,到了灾年再拿出来赈济灾民,就能及时赈灾。

隋文帝没理由不喜欢这个建议:第一,它不需要官府多出一分钱;第二,它还有望在饥荒年份减轻常平仓的赈灾支出。这个设在基层乡村、用来储存老百姓所交饥荒保障粮的仓库,可以叫义仓。在这个制度当中,官府只是一个倡导者,出粮的是里社的普通民众,负责管理粮库的是基层“社司”,粮仓也建在基层里社之中。

在赵昺看来,义仓就相当于现代的民间互助基金,平日大家自愿拿出些闲钱集资,由信誉好的人负责保管,当谁家有困难的时候,就从中支取部分对其进行救济。其中有做买卖的出现资金周转困难的,也可以从中借贷,并支付利息,来保证基金的保值和增值。

“官家,可知义仓还有另一个名字吗?”雷妍看陛下对此十分有兴趣,沉思片刻问道。

“还叫作什么?”赵昺随口问道。

“还叫社仓!”雷妍见小皇帝不知,才说出答案。

“叫作社仓,还是叫作义仓,其中有什么不同吗?”赵昺觉得叫社仓也没有什么不妥,毕竟是由里社来负责收取和管理,叫什么名字又有什么关系呢?但他自不会以为雷妍,像孔乙己似的在跟自己卖弄‘回’字有多少种写法,肯定是另有所指,便笑着求教道。

“隋文帝给此新政定下的名字就是社仓,而其支持公孙平此议也是另有原因的,因为朝廷可以借此向百姓变相的再征一次稅粮。”雷妍言道,“在实施义仓十年后,恰逢关中大旱,隋文帝下旨:北境各州社仓转交各地州县掌管,解除社司收贮粮食的职权;百姓向社仓交粮的方式,也由带有自愿的劝募,变更为按官定统一缴纳。并在诏书中,公开将给社仓缴粮称作交税。”

“哦,原来如此!”赵昺点点头,心中却苦笑不已,看来当皇帝的没有一个是‘好东西’,隋文帝也算是史上明君了,却也极富心机,盖义仓为社仓就为以后挪用义仓之物打下了埋伏。他想想其后的炀帝三征高丽,开挖大运河,修建扬州行宫等,开支更为浩大,笑笑又道,“文帝尚且如此,那继位的炀帝自然也不会手软!”

“陛下圣明!”雷妍施了一礼笑道,“史载:大业中年,国用之物,并贷社仓之物,以充官费,故至末途,无以支给。炀帝钱不够花,他就就直接把社仓里的东西卖掉,直到把社仓卖空,以致关中大灾,朝廷再无力赈济,流民纷纷揭竿而起,盗寇横行,举国动荡,隋灭唐兴。”

“唉,本是为民的善举,但是最终成为恶政,真是让人惋惜。那其后唐应该吸取其中的教训了吧!”赵昺叹口气道。

“德妃妹妹熟读《唐史》,对于此最是了解,我先喝碗热汤!”这时王德遣人送上新做的吃食,雷妍笑嘻嘻地道。

章屏只是嗔怒的瞪了雷妍一眼,也没有拒绝,接过话题给皇帝讲史。政权虽然鼎革,但“社仓”这桩变相之税却被继承了下来,仓库由官府掌控,设在州郡而非里社,但正式名称换回了“义仓”——按官方说法,征收这笔税粮的目的,是为了“每有饥馑,则开仓赈给”,也就是防备灾荒,给唐朝民众提供一种生存保障。

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