第章 田不能卖(2 / 2)

可当下才入三月,来自海外的商船刚至,关税和商税自然没有多少;田赋也要到夏粮收获以后才能缴纳;至于酒税则要在清明新酒上市之后,比较稳定持续的税源只有盐税。也就是说起码要到六月之后,地方税赋送到朝廷,财政困难的状况才能略有缓解。

不过即便夏税入库仍不足以支付目前所需,依然会留下一个大窟窿,秋收收上来也填不上,朝廷需要数年也许才能填补上亏空,这还是在战争能在今年结束的基础之上。更严重的是远水解不了近渴,眼前他们就需要大量的资金。

“陆相,不若拍卖些公田,以解燃眉之急?”刘黻稍缓又提议道。

彼时朝廷从蒙元权贵和叛宋者手中没收了巨量的财产,当时众臣都希望将田地分配百姓,以获得底层的支持。但是小皇帝力排众议,除了将部分田地重新分配后,还留下了大量的土地作为公田,招募流民和缺敌百姓耕种,收取租金。而留下的田地多为良田,约占据总田亩的三成,并不愁卖不出去。

在土地制度上,宋代继承了中唐两税法以后的做法,私人土地买卖与占有不受任何限制。这一政策可以归结为两句话八个字:不立田制,不抑兼并。其中也有属于国家的份额,也就是所谓的官田,来源主要是户绝田、籍没田、抛荒田、濒江沿海的沙田或涂田。另外还有边境上的营田或屯田。

朝廷为了解决财政困难筹措资金,卖官田就成了方法之一,当然除了军费不足外,还由于在当时公田的治理和经营存在着相当多的弊端:其一、政府治理这些公田不得力,租耕公田的佃户要作弊,经常欠输田租,政府没法全数收进应有的租金,田租流失严重。其二、治理这些公田,政府需要付出相当数目的治理本钱。

而朝廷通过卖断公田,田地归由私人经营,政府可以减少治理负担,不仅仅获取了一大笔钱,还不再需要担心国有资产的流失,政府只管收取税赋。且为了鼓励私人买公田,政府还采取一系列的优惠政策,凡是私人承租田地三十年以上的,价钱减少两成;凡是买有公田一千贯钱的免物税三年,一千贯以上的免五年,五千贯以上的免十年;承买荒田的免三年的田租。

“刘知事,陛下进入江南之后就三令五申不得出卖官田,所以卖田之事只怕难以得到陛下的御准。”庄世林听了笑笑摇头道。

“本朝历来有出卖官田筹集军费的惯例,陛下为何要严令禁止呢?”刘黻自然也知道此事,但还是十分不解地道。

“下官也曾为此问过陛下。”庄世林依然笑着道。

“陛下言称,本朝虽然不抑土地兼并,但也禁止官宦和豪强兼并土地,而出卖公田等于变相纵容豪强兼并土地;其次,富豪承买公田,即为有产者,却有诸多的佃户和耕田者无力承买,并会从此以往失去耕种的土地,变为无业者,增加了诸多的不安定因素;再有豪强官宦依靠自己的权势和资金占据了富饶的公田,进而便可操纵土地价格,使得公田贱卖。而中等或贫瘠的田地,没有人愿意购买,或由于将要被出卖,导致百姓不敢承租而被搁置起来,朝廷就收不到田租,自然也会造成朝廷的税赋流失。”

“此外,朝廷保有大量的公田,承租给佃户,不仅能够减少流民,稳定民心。还可以使得朝廷据此获得稳定的税赋收入,保证官员的俸米和军队粮食的供应,如此也就保证了国家统治的稳定。至于众人担心的自出租公田中发生的困难,那皆是纲纪不严、官员懒政的托辞,而非出卖官田的理由!”

“嗯,吾以为陛下言之有理,出卖公田乃是竭泽而渔之举,虽然可以在短期内筹措到资金应急,但从长远看却是利大于弊的!”应节严表示赞同陛下的意见,不同意出卖公田道。

“和父,当年奸相贾似道实施公田法,引得天怒人怨,国之不国!”刘黻听了轻声提醒应节严道。

“声伯,虽皆是有关公田之法,但两者相去甚远,且时事与当年也是迥异!”应节严捋捋胡子轻声回复道……

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