第五十八章 盐政(中)(1 / 2)

万历新明 摩碣 1192 字 2022-04-01

后世常有人说明亡于万历,也有说明亡于嘉靖的。其实抛开明代祖制和封建社会自身劣根性不谈,从政务实操层面上来说,明代灭亡的第一个多米诺骨牌,是叶淇推倒的。

在盐法初坏之时,弘治帝若能头脑清醒,明白开中之法对明朝边防的重大意义,就不会被叶淇忽悠改为盐引折色,而应该反向解决开中法出现的问题。

改了盐引折色后,直接带来的三个破坏性后果:一是朝廷虽获得了年入百万两银子的短利;但数年之后彻底崩坏的开中法让九边粮草转运成本激增,最后增加到数千万两以上。到崇祯时,虽狂加辽饷,仍杯水车薪。

二是商垦荒废,致使边地粮价高企,形成恶性循环。九边日益高涨的粮价导致财政枯竭,而被财政枯竭压垮的朝廷继续搜刮民间,最后积重难返。

三是继续加重了边防和内地的吏治腐败。盐引折色之后,自弘治帝以降,皇帝大肆滥赏盐引,再加上九边文官、武将偷卖,户部发引前被请托等等,导致盐引大量集中在权贵豪商之家和内廷大珰之手,他们都将持引获利视为平常。开中取引的正经盐商守支多年,破产者数以千计——朝廷付出了盐利流失和边防粮草自行转运的双重代价,仅仅富了这些食利阶层。

因此,万历初年的有识大臣例如王国光这样的,向朱翊钧喊出“大明危矣!”这样的振聋发聩之音,就不足为奇。

朱翊钧听几个人细细讲解了开中法崩溃的危害之后,心知盐政兴革的越早,朝廷财政失血的情况就会改善的越早,对以后的改革其利甚大,不容怠忽。

理了理思路,朱翊钧问道:“弊端已知了,如何兴革?”说完,目视张居正,看看这能臣有什么好办法。张居正则示意王国光,让他回奏。

王国光道:“臣等商议了,有向前、向后两法。向前则比叶淇变法更进一步,用‘窝本’之法,逐年消化掉未支盐引,重鼓盐商之心;向后则利用今年晒盐,产盐量大的时机,将未支盐引全数兑付,退回开中之法!”说完,细细解释何为“窝本”之法。

窝本之法在原时空由袁世振在万历四十五年提出,但此前朝廷已经讨论多年。以王国光之能力,此前已知皇帝要兴革盐政,脑花儿一冒泡,就得出了和袁世振同样的办法:

将天下所有盐引(未支)和新发的分为十纲,每年一纲为旧引,另外九纲为新引,称为窝本。九纲新引由商人直接向盐场收购运销,从此朝廷不收盐。收买和运销权都归于盐商,盐商的窝本可以世袭。

这种方法针对的是朝廷盐场壅积——晒盐增加后的必然结果和盐商守支的现状,一举解决了官盐销路和盐引积压问题,只要加大打击私盐的力度,除了九边粮草问题未解决外,基本解决了现存问题。

另一个好处是,可以将积压的盐引分多年消化,权贵豪商不至反弹——算是将此时盐利的灰色分肥合法化。

王国光将窝本之法细细讲了,朱翊钧听明白后,问道:“朕有几个问题。”

“一是天下盐场总产量多少斤?灶丁户数和口数多少?今年全数晒盐,预计增加产量多少斤?积存未支的盐引有多少?”

王国光等情知免不了此问,早有准备,此时回道:“皇上,万历元年,全国产盐四万万九千余万斤,有灶丁一百二十六万八千有奇。”

顿一顿道:“此时未支盐引户部不能全部掌握,从嘉靖元年开始统计来看,计有四百二十万小引,八万万五千余万斤。”

听王国光说产量居然能达到接近五亿斤,朱翊钧心里有了数,示意他接着说。

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