13.凤陇五屯法(1 / 1)

大唐官 幸运的苏拉 0 字 2021-05-24

在扶风县和郿县的交界处驿站,前来迎接俱文珍的,是扶风的县令鲁元山,他在和俱文珍并辔乘马时,曾遥指成国渠以北的田屯,在那里俱文珍见到了射士们正与他们的家眷,在切割好的田野当中忙碌着。

据鲁元山介绍,凤翔府曾是京西的大郡,当初肃宗皇帝之所以能中兴,靠的便是朔方的军力和凤翔的财力,不过后来因西蕃连番侵攻,编户现在不过两万四千罢了,比兴元府要少,高大尹节镇后,首先做的就是“实边”,即充实当地的户口人力,以求充分利用凤翔的沃土和水力,这才规制出了“五屯法”来。

这五屯,即是军屯、散屯、官屯、遣屯和羌屯五类的并称。

军屯的主力便是凤翔、陇州的射士队伍,高岳鼓励他们和家眷一并居住在营田当中,发给安家的衣粮费用,并分配田地,每名射士给田五十亩到一百亩不等,每个撞队的射士(五十人)由朝廷度支司出钱,交由营田巡院配给十驮马十匹,犏牛和耕牛三十头,并许可每年有正常范围内的“损耗”(牛马死亡),损耗的数目报给凤翔当地的马坊,再发牒补充,五年后营田功成,再由巡院将牲畜收回,当然射士用钱买下供自己使用也可以,农具配给大体类似——一个撞队的射士须结屯,修备庐舍,一个营的射士还要构筑小型坞堡,内设粮仓和盐仓,具备相当的守备能力,另外射士们还肩负着整修维护水利的职责,营田的收成,五年内由营田巡院颁布“责成令”约束,超标的有钱、盐和布帛等赏赐,不达标的则要惩处,五年后田地经营权交给射士,待到十五年时田地自动转为射士的“永业田”,如此射士这个角色也自动化为殷实的自耕农,为国家承担赋税和军役,当然鲁元山告诉俱文珍:郿县、扶风县、雍县因邻靠成国渠,为编户百姓们聚集之所,故而射士的军屯并不多,凤翔的射士屯主要集中在北面的普润和麟游;

不过这也不碍事,高岳又下令,在郿县、扶风县和雍县这几个人烟富集的地区搞“散屯”和“官屯”,所谓散屯,即是凤翔府的将兵们,并不用经营,专力操练,每年军饷也很高,足有三四十贯,也不用承担出征的费用——甲仗、粮秣都由军府发给,可高岳还是鼓励他们买田,然后雇佣当地的百姓耕作,收益分成,这些田便叫散屯,至于官屯也即是凤翔府和陇州原本的官田、职田,高岳也遵循兴元府成功的例子,与其像唐朝早期强制性拉人来义务劳作(结果可想而知),不如干脆统统撒出去,雇百姓来耕作,所得的收成二八分账,官府二佃农八,六年后直接转给佃农为永业田;

而遣屯,便是用罪犯来垦田,唐王朝原本罪犯或官员流放,多遣送去黔中、岭南、桂管、福建等,自从李泌请求皇帝用罪人实边后,不少罪人都被送到凤翔、陇州和泾原来,皇帝下诏说,只要不是罪大恶极的,全家统统发给长牒,管沿路的食宿,自己跑到高岳、刘海宾、邢君牙这里来报到,然后领取田地,由左降或罢废的官员统领(废物利用),一并屯田,不过罪人的待遇肯定不如射士,他们在遣屯所营的田地,收成要有八成无偿交纳给营田巡院,自己只能留两成维系生活,并且责成更严,不达标的是要被刑法拷打的,后来高岳实地考察过,觉得这样不行,就奏报朝廷说“遣屯每年只留三口口粮定额,实在太惨,不妨屯四院六(遣屯里营田的罪犯留四成,交纳给巡院六成),而前有官资告身者(被左降长流,后愿意来西北劳改的官员),可五五分成,五年后可转为编户、射士。”朝廷依奏;

最后便是羌屯了,泾原等地自明怀义的妹轻蕃落归顺后,其全族壮丁为蕃骑,追随高岳征战,都发达起来,这让邠宁、庆州的其他党项蕃落很羡慕,所以高岳便趁机说,可在泾州的镇原(临泾)和凤翔的普润等地开“羌屯”,各党项羌落只要愿意来屯田效顺唐家者,待遇等同于射士,由巡院支援牛马、农具,租税定比例收取,多劳多得,并鼓励来屯田的党项人为马坊蓄养牲畜,屯田和畜牧有成者同样有赏赐,农闲时则和将兵、射士一并习骑射,如遇到战争,羌屯里的壮丁可组建“羌骑义从”,以减租的好处,自备干粮、甲仗和战马,跟义宁军、定武军出征。

“这羌屯又收租税,又要承担兵役的,这群蕃子受得了?”俱文珍骑在马上,悠然地向鲁元山发问。

鲁元山哈哈笑起来,说朝廷刚刚在宥州羁縻党项,可宥州、庆州有什么啊?大部都是山地、荒漠,还要忍受蕃落间无休止的酬赛残杀,不如来泾州、凤翔得个安稳日子。其实中贵人你的担忧,圣主也有,先前还送信给高大尹,称羌屯负担是否太重,不妨效仿旧例,全免租税,但求党羌从军,以示朕视华夏、狄夷种落为一体,皆为朕之赤子,高大尹则回奏说——“蛮夷狄戎,不识礼仪皇化,中国华夏修德也未必远服,待之越厚,懈怠轻视之叛心反倒越炽,如父母上无威柄,何来子女下恭孝顺?况蛮夷狄戎远离皇化千年,更是如此,不如定重租、严刑法,先使其畏中原威仪,随后再施以教化,生蕃先为熟蕃,数蕃再为城傍,城傍再为编户,如此才是正途。”

最后,皇帝也只好批曰“可,静观卿之成效”。

“那成效呢?”俱文珍兴趣更浓。

鲁元山便告诉这位中贵人,从庆州、宁州,乃至渭北来的,特别是一些党项小蕃落甚多,足有万余人,好多人还携带着家资(马、骆驼、羊等)前来镇原、普润加入羌屯,正在种粟种棉呢,镇原邻靠驿马关,普润邻靠百里城,羌人都能方便买到茶、盐和布帛,据高大尹估计,供养凤翔、陇州和泾原数万将兵的粮食所需,光是遣屯和羌屯便已足够,至于射士和编户屯田的收成,可遵照陆舍人(陆贽)的和籴法,由朝廷度支司加价买入巡院、军资库囤积,不但不再劳烦朝廷自东南长途调运,还能支援京师所需,每年光是脚力钱便可节省数十万贯。

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