第45章 殷墟入选世界文化遗产名录(2 / 2)

傅大炮传奇 实朴 1180 字 2023-10-02

一九八四年,在东陵区东区发掘了编号为N260的单墓道大墓,并确定了司母戊大鼎即出自此墓。

一九八九年,发掘确认了小屯乙组宫殿南部的一处凹字形建筑基址,从而将殷墟宫殿宗庙区的范围向南扩展。

一九九零年,在郭家庄西部发掘一座未被盗掘的中型墓葬M160,随葬大量青铜器。根据铜器组合以及铭文可确定墓主为“亚址”,生前是一位地位显赫的高级武将。

一九九一年,在小屯东南的花园庄东地发掘出一座甲骨坑,出土刻辞甲骨五百七十九片,完整的刻辞卜甲三百余版,是殷墟甲骨的第三次重大发现。

一九九九年,在洹河北岸钻探发现了一座早于殷墟小屯的商城,即洹北商城。后来又发掘确认了宫城、一号及二号宫殿基址,从而证实了其商代都城的性质。学界倾向于将洹北商城划归到殷墟遗址范围内,因而洹北商城的发现极大扩展了殷墟遗址的范围与文化内涵。

二零零零年,在花园庄东地发掘出一座贵族墓葬M54,规格较高,是继妇好墓及郭家庄M160之后第三座保存完好、规模较大的贵族墓葬。

二零零六年,在苗圃北地东侧的铁三路北段,发掘确认了一处大型制骨作坊,出土制骨各环节的骨制品三十余吨,为复原殷墟时期的制骨工艺及流程提供了实物资料。

二零零六至二零一二年,在殷墟南部的刘家庄北地进行持续大规模发掘,发现了居址、墓葬、制陶作坊、大型道路、祭祀坑等重要遗迹,为研究殷墟都邑布局、手工业生产、族邑形态等重大学术问题提供了至关重要的资料。

二零一五年,在刘家庄北地发现一座铅锭坑,出土铅锭三千四百零四千克。铅锭坑位置距离苗圃北地铸铜作坊较近,应是铸铜作用铅原料的贮藏地。

二零一五年至二零一九年,在洹北商城北部发现了铸铜、制骨作坊,填补了商代中期都城手工业生产的空白。

近年来,在传统认知的洹北商城、殷墟区域之外,不断有新的重要考古发现,特别是与洹北商城同时期的陶家营环壕聚落、与殷墟大体同时期的辛店超大型铸铜作坊遗址的发现引起广泛关注。陶家营、辛店、邵家棚等遗址如同殷墟不同等级的“卫星城”,它们的发现大大突破了传统认知的殷墟范围,也呈现出三级甚至更多的聚落结构形式,“大邑商”的神秘面纱被进一步揭开。

二零二二年,为解决洹北商城城墙基槽或城壕的性质问题及洹北商城的都邑布局问题,中国社科院考古所安阳工作队重启洹北商城郭城的考古工作,在大面积勘探的基础上,采用重新解剖及再次揭露两种方式,对西、东、东南城壕进行发掘。

据最新考古成果表明,以前认定的城墙实际上是壕沟,所谓的“外槽”应是城壕废弃后自然淤积形成的,部分城壕的坡岸还专门用夯土进行加固。

此次洹北商城的重要考古发现,初步解决了争议多年的洹北商城城墙基槽或城壕的性质问题,对推进洹北商城的都邑布局研究起到了重要作用。

殷墟发掘还在持续进行之中。

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