第101章 小人之心(2 / 2)

    孙.中.山则仍是,只要清帝退位,他将“马上辞职,以袁世凯为代”。

    得到这些人的明确表态,袁世凯决心终于下定,立即命袁克定、梁士诒:“为我电致少川(唐绍仪),杏城(杨士琦),并转秩庸(伍廷芳),谓势在必行,义无反顾,唯不能自我一人先发。已将斯旨训示北洋诸镇将及驻外专使,旅沪疆吏,令联衔劝幼帝退位,以国让民,一举而大局可定。另拟优待皇室条件,征南方同意。”

    自此以后,和议中的国民会议问题一变而为清帝退位问题。由此,袁世凯把主要精力都放在了逼宫上了。

    而南方临时政.府那边,或许是因为知道自己的时日不多。不打仗了,多为国家和人民干些实事吧,连续发布变革改制的决定。一方面用难得的国家机器,宣传自己的主张,另一方面,也是想通过立法,将来能对袁世凯形成制约。

    南方临时政.府的这些改革举措,具有深远的历史意义。

    (一)建元改历。

    改朝换代了,这是题中应有之义。

    (二)限期剪辫。“编发之制”是清朝反动统治的一个重要象征。辛亥首义后,各地群众即自动起来剪辫。孙中山当选临时大总统之日(1911年12月29日),南京各界市民就一律剪去辫发,表示庆祝。临时**成立后,孙中山在致各地的电文中,要求“令到之日,限二十日一律剪除净尽”,说明他在这个问题上的坚决态度。

    此后,剪辫的地区或有早晚,甚至也有个别坚持留辫的顽固派,但大势所趋,剪辫的潮流已是不可阻挡的了。

    (三)劝禁缠足。三月十一日,孙中山令内务部通饬各省劝禁缠足,令中说:“夫将欲图国力之坚强,必先图国民体力之发达;至缠足一事,残毁肢体,阻阏血脉,害虽加于一人,病实施于子孙,生理所证,岂得云诬?至因缠足之故,动作竭蹶,深居简出,教育莫施,世事罔问,遑能独立谋生,共服世务?以上二者,特其大端,若他弊害,更仆难数。曩者仁人志士尝有天足会之设,开通者已见解除,固陋者犹执成见。

    “当此除旧布新之际,此等恶俗,尤宜先事革除,以培国本。为此令仰该部速行通饬各省,一体劝禁,其有故违禁令者,予其家属以相当之罚。”

    内务部根据孙令,在通饬各省文中,曾提出下列要求:“已缠者令其必放,未缠者毋许再缠,倘乡僻愚民,仍执迷不悟,则或编为另户,以激其羞恶之心,或削其公权,以生其向隅之感。”

    缠足,在中国古代文献中便有记载,不过那时只存在于个别“舞人”中。自五代南唐后主令宫人以帛缠足,舞莲花中,由是人皆效之。而自宋以后,随着纲常礼教束缚的加强,缠足便成为妇女应该普遍遵守的规矩。

    “因此,放足也就成为妇女从封建桎桔下解放出来的重要标志之一”。在此以前,虽有个别的志士仁人提倡天足,维新派也曾在许多地方设立禁缠足会,但象临时**这样,自上而下大规模地禁止缠足,却是历史上没有过的事。从上述令文和办法中,民主共和派在这个问题上是非常坚决的。

    (四)禁止刑讯。

    刑讯是一种封建野蛮作法,孙中山在禁止刑讯令中说:“本总统提倡人道,注重民生,奔走国难,二十余载,对于亡清虐政,曾声其罪状,布告中外人士,而于刑讯一端,尤深恶痛绝”;他要求“不论行政、司法官署,及何种案件,一概不准刑讯,鞠狱当视证据之充实与否,不当偏重口供,其从前不法刑具,悉令焚毁”。

    接着,他又在禁止体罚令中指出:“乃有图宣告之轻便,执行之迅速,逾越法律,擅用职权,漫施笞杖之刑,致多枉纵之狱者,甚为有司不取也。夫体罚制度,为万国所屏弃,中外所讥评,前清末叶,虽悬为禁令,而督率无方,奉行不力。顷闻上海南市裁判所审讯案件,犹用戒责,且施之妇女。以沪上开通最早,四方观听所系之地,而员司犹踵故习,则其他各省官吏,保无有乘民国初成,法令未具之际,复萌故态者。”

    他着重申明:“不论司法、行政各官署,审理及判决民刑案件,不准再用笞杖枷号,及他项不法刑具;其罪当笞杖枷号者,悉改科罚金拘留。”

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