6 东汉诸侯王(2 / 2)
三国之最风流
赵子曰
837 字
2023-03-31
总的来说,东汉诸侯王的地位远不及前汉早中期的诸王。袁宏说:“诸侯禁纲,日月增密,末世衰微,遂以卑弱。宗室惧於罪败,同姓挫於庶民,一夫攘臂,故以能乱天下矣。”
两汉之世,诸侯王从骄纵到守臣节,这与中央的政策密切有关。
前汉初,刘邦“惩戒亡秦孤立之败”,为稳固政权,大封宗室为王,欲以之为藩辅,拱护京都,宗室由是蓬勃发展。文帝后,宗室势大,与中央抗衡,於是朝廷又开始大力限制宗室,经七国之乱,又经武帝整治,宗室遂转衰微,到西汉末年,已是“宗室衰弱,外无强藩”,“中外殚危,本末俱弱”,使得王莽“无所忌惮”,於是篡汉。
东汉初年,光武皇帝鉴於王莽篡汉的教训,曾一度放松对宗室的限制,但东汉初与西汉初不同,客观形势不需要光武皇帝像高祖那样靠利用宗室来巩固政权,所以不久后,光武便在西汉基础上继续致力於限制宗室的各项政策,“诸侯禁纲,日月增密,末世衰微,遂以卑弱,宗室惧於罪败,同姓挫於庶民”。对宗室的管制越来越严格,宗室忧惧获罪,所以谨小慎微,在朝廷的支持下,国中的吏员严苛地监督宗室,从某些方面来说上宗室还不如庶民。
不过,中央对宗室倒也不是一味的限制,宗室衰微了,中央不必再担忧地方反乱,可是没有了宗室为羽翼,自就会有别的人起来擅权乱政,乃至举旗造反,“一夫攘臂,故以能乱天下矣”。故此,为了汉室江山,当朝政不稳的时候,中央也会利用宗室。
东汉中后期,外戚、宦官势大,交替执政,大权旁落,遂从桓帝起又开始重用宗室,刘淑因得以跻身天下名士的领袖“三君”之列,与窦武、陈蕃齐名。汉末灵帝时,天下大乱,宗室越发得到重用,刘虞、刘焉、刘岱、刘表、刘璋、刘繇、刘备等遂或被拜为公卿,或登州牧、刺史之位。建武元年至延熹三年,百三十多年中宗室任公卿者只十余,而从延熹四年起,每当公卿缺员,皇帝常欲用宗室,从延熹四年到中平元年,二十三年间,宗室为公卿者至少十一例,又从中平元年到初平元年,六年间,宗室为公卿者达十七例。
宗室对自身的政治地位太过低下本就不满,在朝廷改变旧例、重用宗室后,他们也积极地给以配合,参与到政治中去,灵帝建宁元年,窦武谋诛宦官,宗室参与者有六人,汉末的诸刘就更不必说了,或参与讨董,攻击不臣,或以复兴汉室为己任。
终两汉之世,中央对宗室的态度可概括为:限制与利用,从利用到限制再到利用,政局稳定时就限制,不稳定时就利用。
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