第一百零三章,从回大吴山14(1 / 2)

明末小土匪 步枪子弹 1857 字 2023-07-01

第五位,就是高拱了。两项新政,隆庆开禁,基于嘉靖末年倭寇的基本清除,隆庆元年高拱宣布海上开禁,中国的海上贸易从此达到了新的高峰,进一步促成了万历年间资本主义萌芽的诞生,这一项功绩应该千古流传。隆庆和议,自南宋起与蒙古长达三百多年的战争状态基本宣告结束,通商成为双边主要交流手段。另外高拱在商议蒙古和谈的过程中还历史性地采用了投票表决的方式,不管目的如何,也算是开创了华夏民主政治的先河。

俺答封贡事既成,高拱犹居安思危,担心边方兵将因事而疏怠偷安,再坏边备。他一向主张“不恃人之不吾犯,恃我不可犯;不恃人之不吾欺,恃我不可欺”,强调自强。于是再上疏,“请每岁特遣才望大臣四出阅视,以今视昔,钱谷赢几何,兵马增几何,器械整几何,其他屯田盐法以及诸事拓广几何”,明白开报,若比往昔有所增益,则与过去战时擒斩同功论赏;如果只保持以往水平,则罪如失机论处。”朱载坖赞赏这些意见并采纳,兵部遂一一制定具体措施行之。

以后的几十年中,西北边境始终安定,大扰,此亦高拱一生大政。高拱在南方两广、云贵边事上亦颇多建树。隆庆初,广西古田壮族人韦银豹等聚寨反明,有司多次往抚剿,均不效。高拱再起,荐殷正茂为总督往剿。正茂任法严、善战,但性贪。高拱说:“吾捐百万金予正茂,纵乾没者半,然事可立办”。其实,他在重用正茂的同时,已着眼于提擢、培养本省人才,在两广郡县中“多除制科,宽其荐额,勿拘成数”,引导民风向上。不久,果然“乱民乐业而向化矣”。时人都以高拱为善用人。其实这些都是他应该做的,其实她最大的亮点就是高拱不囿于先儒成说,以为“其不能得者亦不可强从”。直斥程朱理学“远人情以为天理”;他很赞同同时代思想家王廷相的观点,认为理在事物,其事即其理。他对“权”字更有一套独到的见解,把“权”与“经”比作秤上的“锤”和“衡”,两者关系是“盖经乃有定之权,权乃定之经,定也,而以求其定,其定乃为正也”。即:权和经是对立的统一体,凡事皆有经,其事实行时应认真权一下,使权与经得以统一,就这样的大才你且让他回老家,诶。

第六位就是李时珍。中医理论的《本草纲目,很多华夏人现在还在用。他的医学成就是超过扁鹊、华佗、孙思邈人的,原因很简单:李时珍可以踏着他们走过路,和宋应星的科技成就一样。当年明月在书上用了欧洲国际从医宣言,我用客观的话:“不能为金钱服务、不能为特权服务。必须救死扶伤,实行革命的人道主义“。李时珍当之愧。在编写《本草纲目的过程中,最使李时珍头痛的就是由于药名混杂,往往弄不清药物的形状和生长的情况。过去的本草书,虽然作了反复的解释,但是由于有些作者没有深入实际进行调查研究,而是在书本上抄来抄去,所以越解释越糊涂,而且矛盾百出,使人莫衷一是。例如药物远志,南北朝著名医药学家陶弘景说它是小草,象麻黄,但颜色青,开白花,宋代马志却认为它象大青,并指责陶弘景根本不认识远志。又如狗脊一药,有的说它象萆薢,有的说它象拔葜,有的又说它象贯众,说法很不一致。在他父亲的启示下,李时珍认识到,“读万卷书“固然需要,但“行万里路“更不可少。于是,他既“搜罗百氏“,又“采访四方“,深入实际进行调查。经过27年的长期努力,于明神宗万历六年(1578年)完成《本草纲目初稿,时年61岁。以后又经过10年三次修改,前后共计40年。

第七位就是,吴承恩了,就是因为他的西游记给他带来千年的名声。

第八位就是王守仁,虽然他在华夏历史上的影响不是很大,原因是他的理论属于发扬人的个性的“知行合一致良知“。要被统治阶级接受非常困难,嘉靖、张居正时期都对王学有过严厉打击,到了后期则是彻彻底底的全面封杀,因此他的名气不大,知道他的人不多。但是他的思想却是影响了包括东林党。

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