第六十一章,辽东之行(1 / 2)

明末小土匪 步枪子弹 1684 字 2023-07-01

高城他们在海上经过三天的时间来到了营口,这个时候张承胤和卫强已经到了营口来迎接高城一行,并且做了一个简单的港口,高城下来和张承胤说,谢谢你到这里来接我,哦,还有就是你们有没有开始种植番薯和土豆的工作,张承胤说,已经按照你们的要求在一个村子里种植了,卫强的军队就驻扎在哪里,好,谢谢你们的帮助,我已经知道努尔哈赤的七大恨了,要不了多久他们就会发动战争的,你们的那个巡抚就是个文官,什么都不懂,就会瞎指挥,这次你们要全部按照我说的去做,他要是有意见可以来找我。

其实辽东的事情全部都是我们大明的责任。武官豪强兼并土地、赋役繁重、军民逃亡等社会乱象愈演愈烈。明政府处理蒙古、女真周边民族问题时政策僵化,贻误巩固边防的最后时机。后金集团不断壮大。辽东贡路中断前明朝与朝鲜的贸易内容依旧如前,各级官员勒索忌,朝鲜君臣对明事大仅流于形式。后金政权在政治、军事制度的建设上寻求突破,但对外交往时仍坚持“求和”方针,为进攻辽东争取更多的时间和条件。后金政权建立后更加积极吸纳朝鲜的经济资源,努力维系边境地区的贸易渠道。

努尔哈赤的民族统一大业基本完成,在区域政治较量中逐渐占据主动。努尔哈赤、皇太极等后金统治者乘辽东凋敝、朝鲜疲弱之机,加快军政体制建设,发展社会经济,最终在严峻的挑战中抓住机遇,开创了问鼎中原的新格局。

辽官与辽民辽东行政、军事、监察三个系统本应相互协作,相互监督,集中边疆的人力、物力构建多维、牢固的边防体系。然而,国家僵化、分裂的官僚制度对辽东官场影响颇深:文臣与武将,流官与地方势力,各职能部门官员之间,毫同舟共济的精神,立场泾渭分明,冲突不可调和。他们缺乏忠于职守的信心,贪污腐败时各显其能,边事难以取得进展,王朝也走到了崩溃的边缘。

辽东官场矛盾综复杂,明廷推选的流官与地方利益集团之间的矛盾最为突出。其矛盾焦点集中在如何应对努尔哈赤启衅等问题。宽甸一带“贡夷”与民杂居,辽地残破,辽民逃散,努尔哈赤等伺机劫掠。总兵李成梁、督抚蹇达、赵楫等认为军民屯聚“近虏”之地日久,生齿益繁,难以控制,“东虏”常以此为借口入边劫掠。如果六万余人尽归故土,变乱速平,屯种、服役人口亦可增加。退地之举符合明廷抚夷安边的保守防御政策,故万历帝对赵楫、李成梁、努尔哈赤等参与此事的官员大加升赏。

但这一举措忽略了宽甸等六堡军民住种纳粮,为固守边地作出的积极贡献。粗暴的迁徙政策不仅剥夺了东部遗民的全部产业,并且缚之以重役,所以“弃地之民宁死焚溺、死冻饿,终不肯回”。近边四百多里土地的丧失不仅破坏了经营数十年的东部防线,而且该地丰富的资源落入努尔哈赤之手后又增强了其对外征伐的野心和实力。明廷中的有识之士看到了此事的危害,遂推选熊廷弼巡抚辽东,勘明弃地缘由。熊廷弼调查之后奏报了辽东涉事官员“媚虏”之罪。兵科都给事中宋一韩等言官更是将“长有东土”、“思取朝鲜而郡县”等割据称王的帽子扣在李成梁为代表的辽东豪族身上。

努尔哈赤创制满文、组建八旗、设置职官等措施为国家的建立准备了各种条件,但仍以“恭顺”姿态换取较为宽松的外部环境。万历初期,女真各部蜂起,相互混战,努尔哈赤积极争取明朝支持,对女真其他部落“恩威并施”,迅速统一了建州五部。壬辰战争以后,努尔哈赤用近二十年的时间吞并了哈达、辉发、乌拉、叶赫等女真部落。

层级分明的统治秩序从居住环境上可见一斑。努尔哈赤所居城内设木栅,家族成员居住核心区域。其下属军民根据身份依次向外延伸:亲族居城内、诸将及族党居城外、军人居外城。努尔哈赤统一建州女真后,各部酋长皆居赫图阿拉城,遇有战事则传遣各部备粮汇兵,听努尔哈赤调派。毛怜卫等女真部落不断以战马、貂皮等物为礼报投建州女真。努尔哈赤当时已统辖三十卫,其中二十余卫属主动投降。女真远近部落相继归顺,蒙古等兵投属者亦众。图们江流域忽剌温部并努尔哈赤吞并前已掌握铁器、焰硝等制作工艺。这些资源皆为努尔哈赤所并。

万历四十四年(天命二年,1617),辽东水灾,“胡地尤甚,饥寒已极,老弱填壑。奴酋令去觅食。”努尔哈赤为保障治下民众生计加快了向外扩张的步伐。

万历后期,辽东边臣仍以贡赏之策羁抚蒙古、女真部族。此政策对待蒙古小部流寇行为尚且有效,但难以凭此抑制日益强大的女真集团。努尔哈赤逐渐吞并女真各部并建制称汗,其部众常违制入关讨要封赏,公开与明进行界务之争。但明廷、朝鲜为使努尔哈赤等不生事端,仍以安抚为主,待其颇厚。努尔哈赤本部距朝鲜边境较远。

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