第五十六章,万历四十六年9(1 / 2)

明末小土匪 步枪子弹 1668 字 2023-07-01

山东曲阜孔家大院,孔家的家主孔胤植和家里的其他的长老,对着孔凡说,来的人说的是不是真的,孔凡说,也就是我那个女婿做的,嗯,那你的儿子怎么也给抓了,还有口供,你说说你们家里还差钱吗?现在的三仙山的大弟子来信说,要我们拿五百万俩银子去平事,你们说说我们该怎么办,成事不足,败事有余的东西。

现在的孔府是历年最大的建筑,孔庙、孔府和孔林在山东曲阜市,是中国唯一规模最大的集祭祀孔子嫡系后裔的府邸和孔子及其子孙墓地于一起的建筑群,孔子(公元前551—前419年)是中国儒家学说的创始人。他在死后的第二年,他的住宅被改成孔庙,每年祭祀。汉代以后历代皇帝都提倡尊孔读经,对孔子也不断追谥加封,同时扩大他的祠庙,孔庙的规模也越修越大。孔庙、孔府和孔林。现在孔庙占地327.5亩,建筑物466间,前后有九进院落,纵向轴线贯穿整座建筑,左右对称,布局严谨,气势宏伟。前三进院落布置导向性建筑物,如门或牌坊。第四进院有一座三重檐的高阁奎文阁,其中藏有历代皇帝赏赐的图书。第七进院落中有“杏坛”,据说是孔子生前讲学处。孔庙的主殿大成殿高31.89米,宽54米,进深34米。廊下有28根龙骨柱,每根石柱都用整块石材雕成。前廊下的十根石柱用深浮雕的手法雕成双龙对舞,衬以云朵,山石、涛波,造型优美生动,是罕见的艺术瑰宝。孔庙中还存有大量的碑刻及画像砖。

孔庙的东侧是孔府,是孔子嫡长孙世袭的府第。始建于宋代,经历代不断扩建,形成现在的规模。占地200余亩,有房舍480余间。官衙和住宅建在一起,是一座典型的封建贵族庄园,衙署大堂用于接受皇帝颁发的圣旨,或处理家族内事务。孔府后院有一座花园,幽雅清新,布局别具匠心,可称园林佳作,也是园宅结合的范例。孔府藏有大量的历史档案、传世文物,历代服饰和用具等,都极其珍贵。

孔林又称至圣林,在曲阜城北门外,占地3000亩,周围砖砌林墙长达14里,是孔子和他的后代子孙们的家族墓地。孔林内柏桧夹道,进入孔林要经过1200米的墓道,然后穿过石牌坊、石桥、甬道、到达孔子墓前。孔子的坟墓封土高6米,墓东是孔子之子孔鲤和他的孙子孔伋的坟墓。在孔林中,有的墓前还存有石雕的华表、石人、石兽。这些都是依照墓中人当时被封爵位的品级设置的,整个孔林延用2500年,内有坟冢十余万座。其延续时间之久,墓葬之多,保存之完好,举世罕见。

孔府是孔子嫡长孙的衙署,位于孔庙的东侧。历代王朝尊崇孔子的同时,泽及后代,对其嫡长孙屡加赐官晋爵。公元前195年,九代孙孔腾被封为奉祀君以奉祀孔子,以后代代沿袭。宋至和二年(1055年)四十六代孙被改封为衍圣公,一直延续到七十七代,成为中国历史最久的贵族世家。孔子嫡长孙一直依庙而居,明洪武十年(1377年)创建独立的衍圣公府,弘治十六年(1503年)扩建。三路布局,九进院落,共有建筑560余间,占地七万多平方米。孔庙保存汉代以来历代碑刻1044块,有封建皇帝追谥、加封、祭祀孔子和修建孔庙的记录,也有帝王将相、文人学士谒庙的诗文题记,文字有汉文、蒙文、八思巴文、满文,书体有真草隶篆。

孔府是孔子嫡孙的官署,孔子嫡孙一向以“礼门义路家规矩”相标榜,格守诗礼传家的祖训;建筑也受到儒家礼仪的制约,留下儒家宗法制度与伦理观念的烙印。孔府沿用中国传统的前堂后寝制度,前堂部分有官衙、东学、西学,供处理公务、会客之用,是对外活动的场所,后寝部分有内宅、花厅、一贯堂、是家族生活的场所。建筑功能分区明确、排列井然有序。建筑群设计遵循礼教与宗法原则,把一系列使用功能不同的建筑物有主次、有次序地进行排列。建筑群中贯轴线,左右对称,成三路布局。中路为孔氏宗子衍圣公所后,东路一贯堂为次子所居,居中为尊。体现了宗子的尊贵地位和宗子与非宗子等级与地位的差别。中路官衙、内宅界限分明,体现了男女授受不亲,内外有别。轴线上。正房与厢房,中门与边门,体现了主人与下人的尊卑差别。建筑物的名字也打着儒家思想的印记,“一贯堂”、“忠恕堂”、“安怀堂”等既赞扬孔子的思想思想和使人安乐的政治理想,又显示孔子嫡孙努力仿效的决心,“东学”、“西学”,既赞扬孔子创学设教的功绩,又表明孔子嫡孙继承诗礼传家、好学重教传统的态度。

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