第332章 贤良淑德(1 / 2)

明扬天下 何昊远 1518 字 2023-03-31

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武昌黄鹤楼下的八股论坛,从开始的普通读书人辩论,已经演变成大师级人物的辩论,每天吸引着数以千计的读书人前来观战。

反对八股取士的一方以顾炎武、艾南英、罗万藻等人为代表。

而支持八股取士的以杨廷枢、金声等人为代表。

高坛之上,在万众著目中,杨廷枢侃侃而谈道:“欲理之明必溯源六经而切究乎宋、元诸儒之说,欲辞之当必贴合题义而取于三代、两汉之书,欲气之昌必以义理洒濯其心而沉潜反覆于周、秦、盛汉、唐、宋大家之古文。唯有如此,为文才能达到理、辞、气三者具足的境界。”

金声则是说得更直白:“自两汉之后,为文者多虚求华丽,冗长反复,一篇文章,虚言万字,未及要义,若是文人自娱之作,便也罢了,然军政公文也如此,岂不误国误民?

而八股时文,一切自有定式,容不得一字虚言客套,八股形式用于公文往来,实为良药。再则,八股文若做好了,其它的文章又岂在话下,随你要诗就诗,要赋就赋,就我看来,八股文实为世人提供了文精意赅之典范,言尽一理,语无重出。”

杨廷枢字维斗,苏州府长洲人,是崇祯三年乡试解元,文名振天下,众游之士颇多,为复社领袖之一。清军南下后,因反清事泄,避走浙西,最后流落到武昌来。

金声,字正希,号赤壁,徽州休宁瓯山人,崇祯元年进士,官翰林院庶吉士。上书建议破格用人御敌。未被采纳,于是托病辞官返乡,招集乡勇,在城西凤山一带习射演战,弘光任他为左佥都御史,不受。

清军打到徽州时,他与门生江天一率众起兵反清,以“杀虏者昌,降虏者亡”为口号,但因寡不敌众。战败;

后崔锋率大军防徽州,他又为崔锋献依凭丛山关险隘,因守绩溪的策略。得到崔峰采纳,致使三万清军久攻不下,徽州遂安。

金声反对取消八股取士,但却热烈拥护秦牧,前些天鉴定传国玉玺真伪,就有他一份。他反对取消八股文,是因为厌恶官样文章;

他为官之时。许多官员往来公文,写了一大堆虚言假话,马屁客套,看了半天也看不到要说的公事。金声认为。这正是八股文章在公文往来中没有得到很好应用的结果。

若是官文都用八股的形式来行文,开式因字,字数有限,便容不得你再搞官样文章。误国误民。

金声的观点,赢来了台下热烈的欢呼,就是顾炎武等人。也不得不承认他的观点有一定的道理。

接下来顾炎武再次提出自己的言论:“唐之取士以赋,而赋之末流最为冗滥。宋之取士以论策,而论策之弊亦复如之。明之取士以经义,而经义之不成文又有甚于前代者;

以此可见,考八股时文,并不能解决金先生所提及的问题,反而败坏了读书种子。士人为了挣得功名,皓首穷经,揣磨圣贤言行及时文程墨。甚至有人连经书也不读了,只记其可以出题之篇,及此数十题之文而已。”

艾南英也反驳道:“科举取士,国家本为求生计,然八股时文尽成欺人之技,三句承题,两句破题,摇头摆尾,便道是圣门高弟。却不知三通四史是何等文章,宋皇汉祖是哪朝皇帝;

案头放高头讲章,店里买新科利器,读得来肩背高低,口角嘘唏。甘蔗渣儿,嚼了又嚼,有何滋味?辜负了光阴,白白昏迷一世,就教他骗得高官,也只是百姓、朝廷晦气。”

谁也没想到,艾南英会拿出他老师汤显祖写戏文的形式来,对八股时文如此嘲弄讽刺,一时论坛下笑声如潮;

艾南英的话虽是戏文哩语,却说中了很多读书人的真实现状,有些人为了科举,连书也不读了,就是买些好的八股范文来死记硬背。

台下数千读书人大笑过后,许多人暗暗脸红,因为艾南英说的,正是他们在做的。

实际上,八股论坛在一天天的讨论在慢慢演变,隐隐之间已经成了拥护旧明与或是新秦的一种学术讨论。

因为八股文是明太祖开始实行的科举形式,而秦牧一开国立祚就有意废除八股取士。

支持八股取士,虽然不一定就是拥护明朝,象金声一样,有另外看法的也有。

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