84无前(四)(2 / 2)

蚍蜉传 陈安野 1947 字 2022-11-13

诚然,被蒙了双眼、卸去鞍鞯、朝赵营阵列狂奔的马群大体都是些劣马驽马,但相较于赵营对马匹的渴求与珍惜,足见回营马多并非浪得虚名。

放在往日,在此平原忽遭数百疯马的舍身冲击,赵营兵士或许已经骚乱,但此刻范己威惊诧归惊诧,却不着慌。他扬刀举旗,十余名塘兵分赴阵列各处传递军令,少时,车轮碌碌,近百辆鹿角车迅速围成四方。四方每面开一营门,每营门各有三四辆偏厢车作为屏障护卫。这些偏厢车形制不大,每车七人操持,单轮推动行动颇速,一车上装熟铁佛郎机一门、流星炮一门、鸟铳三支及火药铅子若干。除却稳控鹿角车、偏厢车的兵士外,范己威哨中所余兵士全列队于车围成的空心阵中,三分之一为统一制式的鸟铳手,又三分之一为持重弩强弓的弓弩手,另三分之一则为手持长刀大斧的壮士。

历朝历代,以步兵抵御骑兵的方式各不相同。

后汉东羌为患,破羌将军段颎“令军中张镞利刃,长矛三重,挟以强弩,列轻骑为左右翼”,以长枪叠阵配合强弩轻骑,最终攻灭东羌。

唐代名将苏定方“令步卒据高,攒槊外向,亲引劲骑阵北原。贼三突步阵,不能入”,据险利用枪阵对付突厥骑兵,同样收效甚著。

及至两宋,弓弩发展迅速,在军中大比例装配,面对擅用重装骑兵的强敌金朝,宋将吴璘利用长期与金朝骑兵周旋的经验提出“制其重甲,则劲弓强弩”,进一步主张弓弩据敌。其兄吴玠同样秉承此观点,“命诸将选劲弓强弩,分番迭射,号‘驻队矢’,连发不绝,繁如雨注”,“金生兵踵至,人被重铠,铁钩相连,鱼贯而上。璘以驻队矢迭射,矢下如雨,死者层积”,将弓弩之利彻底发扬光大。

到了明代,因宋代弓弩技艺多有遗失,且火器逐渐展露头角,是以普遍在军中推广三眼铳、鸟铳、佛郎机等铳炮。然火器射速过慢,易受骑兵近战突击,所以兴起了研制并配用“战车”的热潮。譬如正德年间仇越以战车解围宁化寨、嘉靖十三年明军在舆武营以战车大败蒙古部落都是很好的例证。战车

一旦结寨,可视为小型堡垒,能有效阻遏骑马冲击,并为远程部队提供庇护。

嘉靖中,兵部左侍郎、总制三边军务的刘天和曾在前人基础上改革战车兵制。他用弘治朝的全胜车为蓝本,改造出了全胜战火轻车,换双轮为单轮,弃大车替小车,并重新规定了战车上的火器制式,大大提升了战车的机动性及野战可靠性。实战表明,只要用法得当,这些战车对付起骑兵效果拔群。

嘉靖十五年蒙古右翼三万户济农吉囊入寇宁夏,明军发战车埋伏山口,大败之。后吉囊又率兵犯甘州山丹卫,山丹营总兵姜奭领车营驱逐却陷入重围,他以战车百辆环围掩护,铳炮弓弩猛击蒙古兵使之数度冲锋无果而撤。到嘉靖十六年春正月,吉囊卷土重来,统兵数万再进宁夏,总兵王效靠战车败之。复转延绥,又败于总兵任杰。八月宁夏明军五百人出塞遭吉囊包围,明军急分布战车自守,八千蒙古兵屡攻损兵折将,竟痛哭而去。刘天和自任陕西三边总制到离任四年中,与蒙古诸部落交战二十七次,累计斩获首级数千,可谓盛绩。

虽然往后,万历朝右都御史、总督蓟辽保定等处的王象乾编制车营大阵,但犹如空中楼阁,可观不可及。其需数百鹿角车围四方,数十偏厢车护营门,狮虎车、辎重车、独轮车等护内外中军,更有大将军炮、二将军炮、灭虏炮均二三十门,百子铳、火箭匣、钉板、拒马枪无计,其余追风枪、鸟铳、三眼枪、筤筅、钩镰、锛斧、鎲钯、掀镢、挨牌乃至铁蒺藜等等更不计其数,总计一阵上下操守战兵逾万人,成本大到当时的户部直接以无钱为由相拒,颇有些矫枉过正的意味。

赵当世会同营中文武,长期研究,最终定下了最适合赵营现状的战术。即赶制战车为城基,佐以鸟铳、小型火炮及部分强弓重弩,形成守御为主的车阵。囿于赵营家底,此车阵威力自然难比刘天和、王象乾的车阵,但赵当世相信,用它来对付流寇,已经足够。

除此之外,应对骑兵有可能的透阵。赵营在铳手、弓弩手外,还配备了一定比例的长刀大斧手。南宋绍兴十年,郾城之战,以步兵为主的岳家军用“麻扎刀、提刀、大斧”等兵械击溃了“尤重铁甲”的金兵铁浮屠;绍兴十一年,柘皋之战,宋将王德“令万兵持长斧,如墙而进”,大败完颜宗弼麾下铁骑;唐代香积寺之战,唐将李嗣业“步卒二千以陌刀、长柯斧堵进,所向无前”,完胜安庆绪叛军。以上等等战例,都让赵当世、徐珲等下定决心,组建长兵近战部队作为车阵的最后一道庇护。

数月以来,徐珲为了车阵一事苦心积虑,无俦营、起浑营不好直接插手,他自己效节营下前、左、右三哨都已完成车阵的装配及基础操练。覃进孝、茅庵东、范己威三位哨官中,最开始覃进孝对车阵尤其抵触,认为是“王八缩壳阵”完全配不上野战厮杀的荣誉,端的是不屑一顾。直到后来,等兵备补充完善、兵士演练日渐熟练,他才改颜换色,乃至成为车阵的坚定拥趸。所以,车阵为核心的效节营三哨在此战中乃是当之无愧的主力。无俦营吴鸣凤、熊万剑两哨因此被放在了后列预备听用。

狂奔中的群马再凶蛮,当撞上鹿角车结成阵势外围那密密匝匝的尖锐角刺,登时溃如散沙,阵内兵士再放铳矢将剩余众马或惊或杀,马光春自以为得计的这一招下马威,转眼就成了徒劳。

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